protein malnutrition
Pancreatic β-cells and skeletal muscle act in a synergic way in the control of systemic glucose homeostasis. Several pyruvate-dependent and pyruvate-independent shuttles increase tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate anaplerosis and increase β -cell ATP:ADP ratio, triggering insulin exocytotic mechanisms. Mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate cataplerosis gives rise to the so-called metabolic coupling factors, which are also…
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